Tugas 3 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Pengertian Adverb

Adverb (kata keterangan/tambahan) adalah kata yang dipakai untuk menerangkan bagian dari tata bahasa yang mana saja kecuali kata benda dan kata ganti.

a.       Adverb menerangkan kata kerja

Contoh : She speaks English fluently

b.      Adverb menerangkan kata sifat

Contoh : It’s now too hot to play tennis

c.       Adverb menerangkan kata adverb lainnya

Contoh : she sings very well

d.      Adverd menerangkan kata depan

Contoh : The cat was sitting almost outside the door

e.       Adverb menerangkan kata sambung

Contoh : I want to know precisely how the accident happened

Adverb dapat menerangkan bukan saja kata-kata yang terpisah tetapi juga sebuah kalilmat asertif (yaitu kalimat yang hanya menegaskan atau menyangkal sesuatu). Dalam hal ini adverb harus ditempatkan di posisi awal.

Contoh : Evidently your success depends chiefly on your self.

Adverb dibagi dalam  tiga golongan :

1.      Simple adverb

a.       Time (Waktu)

Adverb of time (kata keterangan waktu)

Contoh : I id this before, and he has done it since.

b.      Place adverbs of place (kata keterangan tempat)

Contoh : You may sit here

c.       Number (bilangan)

Adverb of number (kata keterangan bilangan)

Contoh : I did it twice

d.      Manner, quality, or state

Kata keterangan cara, sifat, atau keadaan

Contoh : she did her work quickly

e.       Quantity, extent or degree (banyaknya, taraf atau tingkat)

Contoh : He is almost a heavyeater

f.       Affirming or denying (menegaskan atau menyangkal)

Contoh : He did not go after all.

2.      Interrogative adverb

a.       Time (waktu)

Interrogative adverb of time (kata keterangan penanya waktu)

Contoh : When did you come?

b.      Place (tempat)

Contoh : where do you live?

c.       Number (bilangan)

Contoh : How often do you eat?

d.      Manner, Quality, or state (cara, sifat, atau kebendaan)

Contoh : how did you do that?

e.       Quantity or degree (banyaknya atau tingkat)

Contoh : how far was that news true?

f.       Cause or reason (sebab atau alas an)

Contoh : why did he leave?

3.      Relative adverb

a.       Antecendent dinyatakan

Contoh : this is the house where we live

b.      Antecendent dimengerti

Contoh : let me know when

Pengertian Adjectives

Adjective (kata sifat) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk member sifat pada kata benda. Tiap kata sifat mempunyai kekuatan yang bersifat membatasi, dan kata sifat itu boleh diberikan definisi sebagai kata yang digunakan untuk membatasi pemakaian kata benda. Ada enam jenis kata sifat :

1.      Proper adjective

Kata sifat yang melukiskan suatu benda dengan suatu kata benda nama diri tertentu. Proper adjective harus dimulai dengan huruf besar.

Contoh : An Indonesia pilgrim.

2.      Descriptive Adjective

Kata sifat yang melukiskan sifat dan keadaan seseorang, hewan atau benda

Contoh : a brave girl

3.      Quantitative Adjective

Kata sifat yang menunjukkan berapa banyak (how much) sesuatu benda yang dimaksudkan.

Contoh : much better

4.      Numeral Adjective

Kata sifat yang menunjukkan berapa banyak (how many) benda atau dalam urutan berapa.

Contoh : a great many woman

5.      Demonstrative Adjective

Kata sifat yang membatasi pemakaian kata benda pada orang atau benda

Contoh : she came one day to see me.

6.      Distributive Adjective

Membatasi pemakaian kata benda dengan menunjukkan bahwa orang atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh kata benda digunakan satu demi satu, atau dalam bagian-bagian yang terpisah

Contoh : every man had a gun.

Pengertian Comparative Degree

Comparative adalah suatu nama yang diberikan untuk grammar yang digunakan untuk membandingkan dua orang, binatang, benda, atau hal.

Contoh : he is as brilliant as his sister

1.      Pengertian Comparative Positive Degree

Adalah adjective (kata sifat) atau adverb (kata keterangan) dalam bentuk sederhana

Contoh :

a.       Adjective : the task is not as difficult as you imagine

b.      Adverb : he drives as carefully as my father in the residential area

2.      Pengertian Comparative Superlative Degree

Adalah nama yang diberikan untuk grammar yang digunakan untuk membandingkan tiga atau lebih orang, benda, atau hal.

Contoh : he is the most diligent student in my class

Pengertian Connector

Kata penghubung untuk menggabungkan dua buah klausa , yaitu dengan menggunakan and, but, or, or so.

Contoh :

1.      The sun was shining and the sky was blue.

2.      The sky was blue, but it was very cold.

3.      It may rain tonight, or it may be clear.

4.      It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella.

Source :

http://aneneharief.wordpress.com/adjectives-dan-adverbs/

http://toenkzndry.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/structure-toefl-skill/

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-dan-contoh-kalimat-positive-degree

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-dan-contoh-kalimat-superlative-degree-adjective

http://toenkzndry.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/structure-toefl-skill/

Passive Voice

Definition of Passive Voice

Passive Voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (Klausa) tidak melakukan aksi melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak. Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject pada sentence atau clause berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (mempunyai direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.

Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam merubah aktif ke pasif adalah:

1.      Yang dapat dijadikan kalimat passive adalah verbal sentence (kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja/V)

2.      Verbal sentence yang dapat dirubah ke Paasive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) adalah kalimat yang memiliki objek penderita.

3.      Perubahan aktif ke pasif atau sebaliknya tidak merubah makna kalimat. Perubahan ini terjadi hanya pada struktur kalimatnya saja.

4.      Cirri kalimat pasiv/passive voice adalah to be + V3 dan kata by (kata ini bukan merupakan syarat yang harus ada dalam kalimat pasif)

Pattern

S + be + verb3 + by + object + modifier

Example :

1.      I am paid in dollars.

2.      The red velvet recipe is used by many people.

3.      All of my shoes are washed every month.

4.      Large amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many people in the countries.

5.      The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks

6.      The books were edited by Beatrice Sparks

7.      The television is stolen by him

8.      Tina is helped by Jane

9.      They are met by him everyday

10.  This plant is watered by her every two days

Rumus Pola Aktif-Pasif untuk Semua Tenses

Tenses	Active	Passive
Simple Present Simple Past	S + V1 S + V2	S + am/is/are + V3 S +
Present Continous Present Perfect Continous Past Continous Past Perfect Continous Future Continous Future Perfect Continous Past Future Continous Past Future Perfect Continous	S + am/is/are + V-ing S + have/has + been + V-ing S + was/were + V-ing S + had + been + V-ing S + will/shall + be + V-ing S + will + have + V-ing S + would + be + V-ing S + would + have + been + V-ing	S + am/is/are + being + V3 S + have/has + been + being + V3 S + was/were + being + V3 S + had + been + being + V3 S + will/shall + be + being + V3 S + will + have + been + being + V3 S + would + be + being + V3 S + would + have + been + being + V3

Ciri kalimat passive/passive voice selain by + O adalah

Present Past Perfect Continous Future

Am/is/are + V3 Was/were + V3 Been + V3 Being + V3 Be + V3

FORM: SUBJECT + BE + THE PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)

Be dalam kalimat pasif menentukan jenis Tense dari kalimat tersebut.

The present tense (am, is , are)

The past tense (was, were)

Infinitive (be)

-ing form (being)

the past participle (been)

Contoh kalimat passive yang menggunakan kata kerja Drive (drive-drove-driven)

1.      The simple present tense

Subject + be (am/is/are) + the past participle

(active)                               Someone drives the car everyday

(passive)                             The car is driven everyday

(Passive Question)              Is the car driven everyday?

(Passive Negative)              The car is not driven everyday.

2.      The Simple Past tense

Subject + be (was/were) + the past participle

(active)                              Someone drove the car

(Passive)                           The car was driven

(Passive Question)              was the car driven?

(Passive Negative)              The car was not driven

3.      The simple future tense

Subject + will + be + the past participle

(active)                              Someone will drive the car

Passive)                           The car will be driven

(Passive question)              Will the car be driven?

Passive Negative)              The car will not be driven.

4.      The simple future tense

Subject + be (am/is/are) going to + be + the past participle

(active)                              Someone is going to drive the car

(pasiive)                            The car is going to be driven

(Passive question)              Is the car going to be driven?

(Passive Negative)              The car is not going to be driven

5.      The present continuous tense

Subject + be (am/is/are) + being + the past participle

(active)                              Someone is driving the car

(Passive)                           The car is being driven

(Passive question)              Is the car being driven?

(Passive Negative)             The car is not being driven

6.      The past continuous tense

Subject + be (was/were) + being + the past participle

(active)                              Someone was driving the car

(Passive)                           The car was being driven

Passive question)              Was the car being driven?

Passive Negative)              The car was not being driven

7.      The present perfect tense

Subject + has/heve + been + the past participle

(active)                              Someone has driven the car

(Passive)                           The car has been driven

(Passive Question)              Has the car been driven?

Passive Negative)              The car has not been driven

8.      The past perfect tense

Subject + had + been + the past participle

(active)                              Someone had driven the car.

(passive)                           The car had been driven

(passive question)              Had the car been driven?

(passive Negative)             The car had not been driven

9.      The future perfect tense

Subject + will have + been + the past participle

(active)                              Someone will have driven the car

(passive)                           The car will have been driven

(Passive question)              Will the car have been driven?

(Passive Negative)              The car will not have been driven

Source :          

http://aspiandi.blogspot.com/2011/10/tentang-passive-voice.html

http://terkupas.blogspot.com/2012/09/bab-5-passive-voice.html

http://poentodito.blogspot.com/2013/05/passive-voice.html

Conditional Sentences

Definition of Conditional Sentence

Conditional Sentences (Kalimat Pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan.

Conditional Sentences (Kalimat Pengandaian) dalam bahasa Inggris selalu berbentuk kalimat majemuk (Compound Sentences), yaitu kalimat yang terdiri atas :

1. Main Clause (Induk Kalimat), adalah bagian dari kalimat majemuk yang dapat berdiri sendiri serta memiliki arti yang lengkap jika berpisah dari bagian yang lain dalam kalimat majemuk.
2. Subordinate Clause (Anak Kalimat), adalah bagian dari kalimat majemuk yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri seandainya berpisah dari bagian yang lain dalam kalimat majemuk.

Pada bentuk Conditional Sentences antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat dihubungkan dengan "if (jika)".

Example :

If I have a lot of money, I will go to America

I will sleep if I am sleepy

If my father has much money, he will buy a new house

Tiga Macam Tipe Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences Type I

Function:

Tipe I digunakan dalam kalimat yang kejadiannya terjadi pada rentang waktu kini (presen) hingga masa depan (future), atau dapat bermakna future karena akibat (main clause) berbentuk future dan subordinate clause berbentuk simple present tense, kejadian yang ada pada main clause yang berbentuk future tersebut akan terjadi bila persyaratan yang ada pada subordinate clause (if...) terpenuhi.

Pattern:

If + simple present tense (V1/Vs), simple future tense (will + V1)

Simple future tense (will + V1) + if + simple present tense (V1/Vs)

Example:

1. If she has my address, she will send the invitation to me.
2. They will buy a car if they have money.
3. My mother will go to Bali if she has a lot of money.
4. You will be late if you sleep late.
5. He will not come if you are angry with him.
6. If I have enough time, I swim twice a week.
7. If I have enough time tomorrow, I will swim.
8. If water evaporates, it becomes gas.
9. I will go to bed if I am sleepy.
10. I will but that comic book if I have enough money.
11. If he bears the news, he will be shocked.
12. If she is not careful with the fire, she will burn her finger.
13. If he doesn't like the cake, he will not eat it.
14. If you don't water the plants, they will die.
15. Father will be happy if I finish the work before lunch.
16. I will come to your house if I have enough time.
17. Susi will wash the dishes if she feels well.
18. Jono will go to the beach the afternoon if doesn't rain.
19. If you meet Andy, ask him to call me.
20. If the bell rings, I'll go home.

Conditional Sentences Type II

Function:

Tipe II digunakan sebagai aplikasi kejadian masa sekarang atau present. Kejadiannya akan terjadi jika kondisi yang ada pada subodinate clausenya berbeda. Yang membedakan tipe ini dengan tipe pertama adalah kaliamt ini digunakan untuk kalimat pengandaian. Pada tipe I, kondisinya pada subordinate clause berbentuk present dan ini kemungkinan besar terjadi. Sedangkan pada tipe II, kondisi pada subordinate clause berbentuk simple past tense yang menyatakan masa lampau, jika masa lampau adalah masa yang sudah lewat dan kita telah mengetahuinya. Jadi tipe II adalah kalimat pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi, sedangkan tipe I bisa saja terjadi.

Pattern:

If + simple past tense (V2) + , + Would + Past Future Tense

Past Future Tense + if + simple past tense

Example:

1. If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
2. I would send her an invitation if I found her address.
3. If I had a lot of money, I wouldn't stay here.
4. I I were you, I would not do this.
5. If John had the money, he would send her invitation.
6. If I had enough money, I would buy that novel.
7. If I were a billionaire, I would buy an island and make my own country there.
8. She would be able to go if she did'nt sick.
9. She would pass test, if she studied hard.
10. He would help the poor if he were a millionare.
11. He would support me, if I bad a match.
12. He would help your homework if be were able to
13. If I were take the offer if I were you
14. If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.
15. He would sleep all day if it rained tomorrow.
16. I would buy a sport car If I had much money
17. I would donate my money to charity if I were a millionaire.
18. If I had much money, I would buy a sport car.
19. I were a millionaire, I would donate money to charity
20. If Nisa studied hard, she would pass.

Conditional Sentences Type III

Function:

Tipe III digunakan untuk kejadian di waktu lampau, dan kejadiannya berlawanan dengan yang terdapat di kalimatnya. Atau bisa dikatakan tipe ketiga digunakan untuk kejadian yang sudah terlanjur terjadi dan tidak mungkin berubah lagi.

Pattern:

If + past perfect (had+V3) + , + Past future perfect tense

Past future perfect tense + if  + past perfect

Example

1. If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
2. I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.
3. If I hadn't studied, I wouldn't have passed my exams.
4. If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.
5. If you had told me about the problem, I would have helped you.
6. I wouldn't have broken my arm if I hadn't slipped on the stiar.
7. I should have left for Yogyakarta if I had money
8. You would have distrubed me if you had shouted loundly
9. She would have slept soundly if she had been drowsy
10. He would have been dead if he had been in emergency.
11. The teacher would have scolded me if I had been absent.
12. If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
13. I would have attended your party if you had remembered to invite me.
14. If the waitress had been careful, she wouldn't have broke many plates.

Source :

1.     http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

2.     http://belajarbahasainggrisonlinegratis.blogspot.com/2013/02/conditional-sentence-type-i.html

3.    http://belajarbahasainggrisonlinegratis.blogspot.com/2013/02/conditional-sentence-type-2.html

4.     http://belajarbahasainggrisonlinegratis.blogspot.com/2013/02/conditional-sentence-type-iii.html

5.     http://linggris.wordpress.com/2010/07/25/conditional-sentences/

6.     http://www.wordsmile.com/if-conditional-type-1

7.     http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if_type1.htm

8.     http://fanziblo.blogspot.com/2013/04/conditional-sentence-type-i-ii-iii_3.html

9.     http://poentodito.blogspot.com/2013/04/conditional-sentences-type-123.html

10. http://filinanggraini.blogspot.com/2013/03/conditional-sentences-type-i-ii-iii.html